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The Modelling group contains modules for forward seismic modelling using finite-difference, synthetic layered-earth, and surface-multiple prediction approaches. These tools generate synthetic seismic records or surface-multiple models for use in processing QC, multiple attenuation design, and survey planning. They complement the depth imaging workflows by providing model-driven synthetic datasets that can be compared directly against observed data.

The following modules are available in this group:

Finite difference modelling — generates synthetic seismic data by solving the acoustic wave equation with a finite-difference scheme, using a user-defined velocity and density model.

Finite difference visco elastic modelling — simulates seismic wave propagation in a visco-elastic medium using finite differences, capturing both amplitude attenuation and velocity dispersion effects.

Frac modelling — models the seismic response of fractured media, generating synthetic data that reflects azimuthal anisotropy caused by oriented fracture sets.

Noiser — adds controlled random or coherent noise to synthetic or real seismic gathers for processing algorithm testing and noise sensitivity analysis.

Read layers from file — reads a layered earth model definition from a file and converts it into an internal model object for use by forward modelling modules.

Simple modelling — performs convolutional synthetic modelling by convolving a wavelet with a reflection coefficient series derived from a layered velocity/density model.

Simple modelling by Trace headers — performs convolutional synthetic modelling using geometry parameters read from input trace headers, enabling gather-by-gather synthetic generation at survey positions.

Surface multiple modelling (1 layer) — predicts surface-related multiples arising from a single water-bottom or near-surface reflector, for use as input to adaptive subtraction-based demultiple workflows.

Surface multiple modelling (2 layer) — extends surface-multiple prediction to a two-reflector model, accounting for multiples generated between two strong reflectors in addition to the free surface.

Synthetic horizontal layers - stack — generates a stacked synthetic seismic section from a horizontally layered earth model defined by velocity, density, and thickness, producing a zero-offset reflectivity trace for wavelet QC and well-tie workflows.